What is the difference between bv and herpes

At the end of the one month follow-up visit, each participant completed a one week course of oral metronidazole for treatment of BV. This was followed by daily home collection of genital tract swab specimens for an additional one month. Secondary Outcome Measures : Median Time to Bacterial Vaginosis During the 30 Days After Cessation of Metronidazole Therapy [ Time Frame: 30 days after cessation of metronidazole therapy ] The time by which half of the participants were diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis, defined as any vaginal smear with a Nugent score of during the 30 day period following cessation of metronidazole therapy Eligibility Criteria Go to Top of Page Study Description Study Design Arms and Interventions Outcome Measures Eligibility Criteria Contacts and Locations More Information Information from the National Library of Medicine Choosing to participate in a study is an important personal decision.

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Validity of the vaginal gram stain for the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. Obstet Gynecol ; 88 : — 6. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med ; 6 : e Viral sexually transmitted infections and bacterial vaginosis: — National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data.

Sex Transm Dis ; 35 : — 6. Community-based study on seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in New Delhi. Indian J Med Microbiol ; 26 : 34 — 9. Risk factors for infection with herpes simplex virus type 2: role of smoking, douching, uncircumcised males, and vaginal flora. Sex Transm Dis ; 30 : — Predictors of seropositivity to herpes simplex virus type 2 in women.

Risk factors for bacterial vaginosis among bar and hotel workers in Northern Tanzania. East African Med J ; 82 : 85 — Epidemiology of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in rural and urban Burkina Faso. Sex Transm Dis ; 38 : — Bacterial vaginosis among pregnant women in Burkina Faso. Sex Transm Dis ; 35 : — 9. Prevalence and correlates of bacterial vaginosis among young women of reproductive age in Mysore, India.

Indian J Med Microbiol ; 26 : — 7. Decline in sexually transmitted infection prevalence and HIV incidence in female barworkers attending prevention and care services in Mbeya Region, Tanzania. AIDS ; 20 : — Bacterial vaginosis in women of low socioeconomic status living in slum areas in Chennai, India.

Sex Health ; 3 : — 8. Bacterial vaginosis in female sex workers in Chennai, India. Sex Health ; 2 : — 2. Herpes simplex virus type 2 risks in female sex workers in the China-Vietnam border county of Hekou.

Biomed Env Sci ; 25 : — Seroprevalence and correlates of herpes simplex virus type 2 among urban Tanzanian women. Incident herpes simplex virus type 2 infection increases the risk of subsequent episodes of bacterial vaginosis. Rapid fluctuation of the vaginal microbioata measured by Gram stain analysis. Sex Transm Infect ; 86 : — Higgins J Green S.

Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 5. Cochrane Collab ; 5. The inclusion of reports of randomised trials published in languages other than English in systematic reviews. Heal Technol Assess ; 7 : 1 — Genital tract shedding of herpes simplex virus type 2 in women: effects of hormonal contraception, bacterial vaginosis, and vaginal group B Streptococcus colonization.

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Sex Transm Infect ; 85 : — Recalcitrance of bacterial vaginosis among HSV-2 seropositive women. J Obs Gynaecol Res ; 38 : 77 — Efficacy of vaginal probiotic capsules for recurrent bacterial vaginosis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Am J Obstet Gynecol ; : The association of Atopobium vaginae and Gardnerella vaginalis with bacterial vaginosis and recurrence after oral metronidazole therapy.

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Sign In. Advanced Search. Search Menu. Article Navigation. Close mobile search navigation Article Navigation. Volume Article Contents Abstract. Allahna Esber , Allahna Esber. Oxford Academic. Rodolfo D. Vicetti Miguel. Thomas L. Mark A. Maria F. Abigail Norris Turner. Select Format Select format. Permissions Icon Permissions. Abstract Background. Figure 1. Open in new tab Download slide. Table 1. Population All Women. HIV Status; Age. Adjustment Variables. Measure of Effect. Open in new tab.

Figure 2. Exclusion criterion was pregnancy. Collection of samples took place between February and March The database is updated annually and contains extensive data on PLWH, e. The Civil Registrations System is a national registry of all Danish residents [ 14 ]. At birth or immigration a unique, digit personal identification number PIN is assigned to each individual.

All patients signed informed consent. The smears were Gram stained and slides were evaluated by the same observer. Each sample was scored on an average of at least five field views according to the Nugent score: Grade I score 0—3 : normal flora; grade II score 4—6 : intermediary stage and grade III score 7—10 : BV. The bacterium BVAB1 was used as it has been shown to be significantly associated with high Nugent scores [ 16 ].

The remaining three bacteria were used as they previously have been shown to have good sensitivity and specificity in PCR analysis [ 15 , 17 , 18 ]. When at least one of the abovementioned four bacteria was above the cut-off value, the test was considered positive for BV.

Cut-off values for the four bacteria were used as described by Datcu et al. Between 0. Samples were thawed at room temperature, thoroughly vortexed and centrifuged for one hour at 17, G.

The pellet was dissolved in 1. The test was validated prior to study analysis; 10 samples of Copan Universal Transport medium with a known concentration of HIV RNA were analysed using the same procedure as recommended by the manufacturer — validating the test for use in this medium.

The assay detects genotype specific HPV L1 fragments from HPV6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 66, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85 and 89 [ 19 ].

The array simultaneously detects: Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2, Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, Human herpes virus 6 and 7, and Varicella zoster virus. Continuous variables were summarized as median and interquartile ranges IQR and compared using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. Individuals with missing explanatory values were excluded from the multiple regression analyses, i. SAS statistical software version 9. Results of BV were statistically analysed using Nugent score, as this is the gold standard of BV diagnosis [ 1 ].

Two hundred thirty-four WLWH were eligible for inclusion [ 12 ]. Table 1 shows the baseline demographic characteristics. Most commonly reported symptoms included increased vaginal discharge, bleeding disturbances and pain during intercourse.

The only statistically significant finding in the analysis was being PCR negative for Prevotella spp. There was no difference in reported symptoms from the lower abdomen or number of lifetime sexual partners according to BV status.

Table 4 shows predictors of bacterial vaginosis. Despite the higher rate of well- treated women in the present study, we found a comparable BV prevalence, confirming that BV is highly prevalent, irrespective of ART. Women were included from one general practice, where they attended the clinic due to abnormal vaginal discharge, other genito-urinary symptoms or for a routine check-up [ 21 ].

Women in our study, however, were examined regardless of symptoms, which might explain the lower occurrence of BV compared to women attending an STI clinic with complaints of symptoms from the lower abdomen.

However, our study population had double the amount of positive BV smears compared to a sample from the general population, which may be explained by the presence of HIV infection. However, in the present study, no difference in BV between women of Black and White ethnicity was found. The lack of difference between the two populations may be due to the small sample size or different cultural practices in a Danish setting, compared to American or sub-Saharan settings [ 24 , 25 ].

Molecular methods for detection of BV-associated bacteria were used in order to be able to also classify women with intermediate Nugent II flora and with an aim to sub-classify BV according to the dominating bacterial composition. However, neither the classification according to presence of bacterial loads above threshold, nor the stratification according to the individual BV-defining species showed any correlation with HIV shedding.

Similarly, Neely et al. The reason for this association may be spurious, although NNRTIs seem to have lower concentration in genital fluids compared to PIs [ 27 ]. Due to a lack of statistical power 12 women on hormonal contraceptives and one with vaginal HIV RNA shedding hormonal contraception was not included in the analyses as a possible predictor of vaginal HIV RNA shedding in our study. The significant association of being PCR negative for Prevotella spp. In , Mitchell et al. While a high prevalence of BV was also found in the present study, most patients were on suppressive ART with low vaginal viral loads, unlike most patients in the abovementioned studies, and we found no relation between BV status and vaginal HIV RNA shedding.

The goal of this research is to understand the relationship between HSV-2 and BV in women, using daily genital sampling to determine whether HSV-2 shedding increases the risk of colonization with vaginal bacteria associated with BV, through modulating inflammatory markers in the genital tract.

This research will lead to improved understanding of the impact of HSV-2 on vaginal bacteria and inflammation, and will help us realize the tools needed to better promote women's reproductive health. Toggle navigation. Share this grant: : :. Abstract Funding Institution Comments.