How fast does beta travel

Teaching Guidance for Wrong Track: If beta particles travel farther in air, their rate of ionisation of air molecules must be greater than for alpha particles. Right Lines: If beta particles travel farther in air, their rate of ionisation of air molecules must be less than for alpha particles. The longer path in air is linked with a lower rate of ionisation. The thinking that causes difficulty here follows on directly from the previous challenge.

Relationships of the form more of this results in more of that are common in physics. For example, a larger battery potential difference drives a bigger electric current around a fixed circuit. In this case, however, there is an inverse relationship between path length and rate of ionisation. The key point to address here is why the rate of ionisation is greater for alpha than for beta particles.

In other words, why is it that with alpha particles the initial energy of the particle is shifted within a relatively short path? The idea to get across here is that the alpha particles, in comparison with beta particles, are massive and carry double the charge. This means that they are much more likely to interact with air molecules as they pass through air causing ionisation. The ionisation process is often described in terms of the alpha particle knocking an electron out of the atom , which gives rise to an image of some kind of physical collision.

In reality, the collision is electrostatic in nature as the positively charged alpha particle removes the negatively charged electron through a process of electrostatic attraction. Non-ionizing radiation has enough energy to move atoms in a molecule around or cause them to vibrate, but not enough to remove electrons from atoms.

Examples of this kind of radiation are radio waves, visible light and microwaves. Ionizing radiation has so much energy it can knock electrons out of atoms, a process known as ionization. Ionizing radiation can affect the atoms in living things, so it poses a health risk by damaging tissue and DNA in genes.

Ionizing radiation comes from x-ray machines, cosmic particles from outer space and radioactive elements. Radioactive elements emit ionizing radiation as their atoms undergo radioactive decay.

Radioactive decay is the emission of energy in the form of ionizing radiation ionizing radiation Radiation with so much energy it can knock electrons out of atoms. The ionizing radiation that is emitted can include alpha particles alpha particles A form of particulate ionizing radiation made up of two neutrons and two protons.

Alpha particles pose no direct or external radiation threat; however, they can pose a serious health threat if ingested or inhaled. Some beta particles are capable of penetrating the skin and causing damage such as skin burns. Beta-emitters are most hazardous when they are inhaled or swallowed. Gamma rays can pass completely through the human body; as they pass through, they can cause damage to tissue and DNA.

Radioactive decay occurs in unstable atoms called radionuclides. The energy of the radiation shown on the spectrum below increases from left to right as the frequency rises.

Other agencies regulate the non-ionizing radiation that is emitted by electrical devices such as radio transmitters or cell phones See: Radiation Resources Outside of EPA. Alpha particles come from the decay of the heaviest radioactive elements, such as uranium , radium and polonium.

Even though alpha particles are very energetic, they are so heavy that they use up their energy over short distances and are unable to travel very far from the atom. The health effect from exposure to alpha particles depends greatly on how a person is exposed. Alpha particles lack the energy to penetrate even the outer layer of skin, so exposure to the outside of the body is not a major concern. Inside the body, however, they can be very harmful.

If alpha-emitters are inhaled, swallowed, or get into the body through a cut, the alpha particles can damage sensitive living tissue. The way these large, heavy particles cause damage makes them more dangerous than other types of radiation. The ionizations they cause are very close together - they can release all their energy in a few cells.

This results in more severe damage to cells and DNA. These particles are emitted by certain unstable atoms such as hydrogen-3 tritium , carbon and strontium Beta particles are more penetrating than alpha particles, but are less damaging to living tissue and DNA because the ionizations they produce are more widely spaced. They travel farther in air than alpha particles, but can be stopped by a layer of clothing or by a thin layer of a substance such as aluminum.

However, as with alpha-emitters, beta-emitters are most hazardous when they are inhaled or swallowed. Unlike alpha and beta particles, which have both energy and mass, gamma rays are pure energy. Gamma rays are similar to visible light, but have much higher energy. Gamma rays are often emitted along with alpha or beta particles during radioactive decay.

Gamma rays are a radiation hazard for the entire body. They can easily penetrate barriers that can stop alpha and beta particles, such as skin and clothing. Gamma rays have so much penetrating power that several inches of a dense material like lead, or even a few feet of concrete may be required to stop them.